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<H1><CENTER>The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes</CENTER></H1>
<H4><CENTER>For the next few days backyard astronomers can see
for themselves the long lost asteroid Hermes.</CENTER></H4>
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<P><IMG SRC="images/hermes/Speaker.gif" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="22"
ALIGN="LEFT" BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Listen
to this story via <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/images/hermes/audio/story.m3u">
>streaming
audio</A>, a <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/images/hermes/audio/story.mp3">
>;downloadable
file</A>, or <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/info/audio.htm">get
help</A>.</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="images/hermes/dinokiller.jpg"><B><IMG SRC="images/hermes/dinokiller_med
>.jpg"
WIDTH="260" HEIGHT="195" ALIGN="RIGHT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
ALT="see caption"></B></A><B>October 31, 2003</B>: It's dogma
now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago and wiped out
the dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter and Luis Alvarez
first suggested the idea to a gathering at the American Association
for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners were skeptical.
Asteroids hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed incredible.</P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Right:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> from "Dino Killer" by artist Don Davis.</FONT></P>
<P>At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid
named Hermes halfway between Mars and Jupiter was beginning a
long plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass
300,000 miles from Earth's orbit, only a little more than the
distance to the Moon. Rhetorically speaking, this would have
made a great point in favor of the Alvarezes. Curiously, though,
no one noticed the flyby.</P>
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</TABLE>1980 wasn't the first time Hermes had sailed by unremarked.
Hermes is a good-sized asteroid, easy to see, and a frequent
visitor to Earth's neighborhood. Yet astronomers had gotten into
the habit of missing it. How this came to be is a curious tale,
which begins in Germany just before World War II:</P>
<P>On Oct. 28, 1937, astronomer Karl Reinmuth of Heidelberg noticed
an odd streak of light in a picture he had just taken of the
night sky. About as bright as a 9th magnitude star, it was an
asteroid, close to Earth and moving fast--so fast that he named
it Hermes, the herald of Olympian gods. On Oct. 30, 1937, Hermes
glided past Earth only twice as far away as the Moon, racing
across the sky at a rate of 5 degrees per hour. Nowadays only
meteors and Earth-orbiting satellites move faster.</P>
<P>Plenty of asteroids were known in 1937, but most were plodding
members of the asteroid belt far beyond Mars. Hermes was different.
It visited the inner solar system. It crossed Earth's orbit.
It proved that asteroids could come perilously close to our planet.
And when they came, they came fast.</P>
<P>Reinmuth observed Hermes for five days. Then, to make a long
story short, he lost it.</P>
<P><A HREF="http://asteroid.lowell.edu/asteroid/loneos/hermes.page.html"><IMG
SRC="images/hermes/recovery.gif" WIDTH="195" HEIGHT="173" ALIGN="RIGHT"
BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="see caption"></A>Hermes approaches
Earth's orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our planet is far
away when the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942, 1954,
1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly close to Earth itself.
We know about most of these encounters only because Lowell Observatory
astronomer Brian Skiff re-discovered Hermes… on Oct. 15,
2003. Astronomers around the world have been tracking it carefully
ever since. Orbit-specialists Steve Chesley and Paul Chodas of
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have used the new observations
to trace Hermes' path backwards in time, and so they identified
all the unnoticed flybys.</P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Above:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> This movie recorded by Lowell Observatory astronomer
Brian Skiff shows Hermes moving among the stars in Oct. 2003.
[<A HREF="http://asteroid.lowell.edu/asteroid/loneos/hermes.page.html">more</A>]</FONT>
>;</P>
<P>"It's a little unnerving," says Chodas. "Hermes
has sailed by Earth so many times and we didn't even know it."</P>
<P>"Hermes' orbit is the most chaotic of all near-Earth
asteroids," he adds. This is because the asteroid is so
often tugged by Earth's gravity. Hermes has occasional close
encounters with Venus, too. In 1954 the asteroid flew by both
planets. "That was a real orbit scrambler," Chodas
says. Frequent encounters with Earth and Venus make it hard to
forecast Hermes' path much more than a century in advance. The
good news is that "Hermes won't approach Earth any closer
than about 0.02 AU within the next hundred years." We're
safe for now.</P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Below</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial">: The <A HREF="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/db_shm?des=1937+UB">elliptical
orbit</A> of asteroid Hermes (red) brings it to the inner solar
system every 777 days.</FONT></P>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/db_shm?des=1937+UB"><IMG
SRC="images/hermes/orbit1.gif" WIDTH="457" HEIGHT="296" ALIGN="BOTTOM"
BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="see caption"></A></CENTER></P>
<P>Using the JPL ephemeris, we can look back and figure out what
happened in 1937 when the asteroid was lost. With hindsight,
it's understandable:</P>
<P>Reinmuth first spotted Hermes approaching Earth from the direction
of the asteroid belt. At first it was easy to see because the
asteroid's sunlit side was facing Earth. Speedy Hermes soon crossed
Earth's orbit, however, and began turning its night side toward
us. Asteroids are nearly as dark as charcoal, and their night
sides are very dim. By Nov. 3rd, six days after its discovery,
the asteroid had faded from 9th to 21st magnitude, a factor of
60,000. "Hermes was also heading into the sun's glare, which
only made matters worse," notes Chodas. Hermes literally
vanished.</P>
<P>No one seemed to care, not much. In 1937, World War II was
about to begin in Europe, so people had a lot on their minds.
Hermes failed to impress.</P>
<P>Says Chodas: "Astronomers of the day were somewhat biased,
perhaps. They had convinced themselves that collisions were too
rare to consider. Hermes didn't change their opinion because
catastrophism was not in vogue."</P>
<P><A HREF="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980728.html"><IMG
SRC="images/hermes/sl9g_hst_med.jpg" WIDTH="250" HEIGHT="251"
ALIGN="RIGHT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="see caption"></A>It's
in vogue now--largely because of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9),
an object discovered by people hunting for Hermes. Found in 1993
by Gene and Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy, SL9 hit Jupiter
in July 1994 with much of the world watching on CNN. Long before
the collision, SL9 had been torn apart by Jupiter's powerful
tides. The largest fragments, coincidentally about the same size
as asteroid Hermes, exploded with such force when they struck
that dark clouds formed in Jupiter's atmosphere as large as Earth
itself.</P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Right:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> The impact site of one of comet SL9's fragments
on Jupiter's cloud-tops. [<A HREF="http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap980728.html">more</A>]
></FONT></P>
<P>A message from Jupiter: Catastrophes happen.</P>
<P>"Gene always felt that Hermes should have done more to
excite the world than it did at the time" recalls David
Levy. "Indeed, he and his wife Carolyn were always hoping
to find it." Shoemaker was a visionary who realized long
before most others did that asteroids and comets posed an ongoing
threat to Earth. In the late 1970's he and a few colleagues began
to hunt for near-Earth objects using an 18-inch telescope at
the Palomar Observatory. For a long while it was the only such
survey on Earth. They discovered dozens of asteroids and comets,
including SL9--but not Hermes. "When Hermes passed by Earth
in 1986 (an encounter identified post-facto by Chodas) it should
have been an easy target for us," notes Levy. "But
the telescope was down for repairs." Shoemaker died in 1997
not knowing how close he came.</P>
<P>Now backyard astronomers around the world can do something
Gene Shoemaker never did--see Hermes.</P>
<P>Hermes is fast approaching Earth, and on Nov. 4th it will
pass by our planet 18 times farther away than the moon. Already
the asteroid is about as bright as a 13th magnitude star--an
easy target for 8-inch telescopes equipped with CCD cameras.
Where should you point your 'scope? Consult the <A HREF="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/db_shm?des=1
>937+UB">JPL
Ephemeris</A> for details.</P>
<P><A HREF="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jlmargot/NEAs/Hermes/"><IMG
SRC="images/hermes/echo_med.gif" WIDTH="270" HEIGHT="209" ALIGN="LEFT"
BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="see caption"></A><B><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Left</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">:
This double-peaked radar echo obtained at the Arecibo radio observatory
in Puerto Rico reveals asteroid Hermes to be a binary. [<A HREF="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jlmargot/N
>EAs/Hermes/">more</A>]</FONT></P>
<P>In recent days a group of NASA-supported astronomers led by
Jean-Luc Margot of UCLA have pinged the asteroid with radar pulses
from the giant Arecibo antenna in Puerto Rico. Hermes, it turns
out, is a double asteroid--two space rocks orbiting one another,
each about 400 meters across. No one knows how Hermes came to
be this way. Margot and colleagues hope to learn more when the
asteroid passes by on Nov. 4th as they continue their observations
using both Arecibo and NASA's Goldstone radar.</P>
<P>Now that Hermes has our attention, it might teach us a few
things after all.</P>
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<B><FONT FACE="Arial">Credits & Contacts<BR>
</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Author: <A HREF="mailto:phillips@spacescien
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Tony Phillips</A> <BR>
Responsible NASA official: <A HREF="mailto:ron.koczor@msfc.nasa.gov">Ron
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<I><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">The Science Directorate at NASA's
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<P><CENTER><B>more information</B></CENTER></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="588" VALIGN="TOP" BGCOLOR="#fffff0">
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><A HREF="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html">
>NASA's
Near-Earth Object Program</A></FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">
-- (JPL) the first place to look for up to date information about
near-Earth asteroids and comets</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eph?sstr=104544&s_sb=Search&c_time=%2B2003103000000
>0.000%2C%2B20031114000000.000%2C0%2C1%2Cd%2C%2CC&c_loc=500%3BGeocentric%3B0.%2C0.%2C0.%2Cm&c_quan=0108c0101%
>2CJHA%2C%2C0"><B><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Asteroid Hermes Ephemeris</FONT></B></A><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (JPL) use this online tool to figure
out where Hermes will be in the sky this week. See also the <A
HREF="http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/db_shm?des=1937+UB">3D
orbit of Hermes</A>.</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://newton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/neodys/neoibo?objects:1937UB;main"><B>&l
>t;FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1937 UB</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> -- (NeoDys) Hermes is also known as 1937 UB. Check
this site more more information about its orbit and close encounters
with planets.</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://asteroid.lowell.edu/asteroid/loneos/hermes.page.html"><B><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Recovery of 1937 UB (Hermes)</FONT></B></A><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (Lowell Observatory)</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jlmargot/NEAs/Hermes/"><B><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Radar observations of long-lost asteroid
Hermes</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (UCLA)
Jean-Luc Margot's web site gives the latest information about
radar observations of Hermes</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://www.lowell.edu/press_room/releases/recent_releases/Hermes_rls.html"><B
>><FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Near-Earth asteroid Hermes re-spotted,
66 years later</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> --
(Lowell Observatory) press release</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Oct03/Arecibo.asteroid.deb.html"><B>&
>lt;FONT
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Asteroid Hermes is found to be two objects
orbiting each other</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">
-- (Cornell University) press release</FONT></TD>
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