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<TITLE>The Hidden Life of Thunderstorms</TITLE>
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<H1><CENTER>The Hidden Life of Thunderstorms</CENTER></H1>
<H4><CENTER>Scientists are sending unmanned aircraft into electrical
storms to learn more about their mysterious inner workings.</CENTER></H4>
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<P><B>October 30, 2003:</B> There's much more to a thunderstorm
than meets the eye. Literally. If you could see the invisible
force fields around magnets and clothes that have "static
cling," a storm on the horizon would look very different.</P>
<P>Engulfing and dwarfing the storm clouds, ghostly ribbons of
huge magnetic and electric fields would arch high above the thunder
clouds to the top of the atmosphere, and would sprawl downward
from the clouds like tendrils groping the landscape. These invisible
fields are always in motion, swelling and contorting as the storm
clouds churn, lurching suddenly as lightning bolts strike.</P>
<P style="text-align: center;"><CENTER><A HREF="http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslin
>k/summer2001/05.html"><IMG
SRC="images/lightning/05_02.gif" style="border: 1px solid ; width: 356px; height: 162px;"
ALT="see caption" TITLE="" WIDTH="356" HEIGHT="162" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="1"></A></CENTER></P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Above:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> Thunderstorms are also huge electrical dynamos.
Image courtesy The Aerospace Corporation.</FONT></P>
<P>Scientists have long assumed that this mostly hidden side
of thunderstorms serves as the electrical "pump" that
maintains a huge difference in charge between the earth's surface
and an upper layer of the atmosphere called the ionosphere. There's
a voltage drop between the two, measuring somewhere between 150,000
and 600,000 volts. Left to itself, this difference should naturally
balance out in about 15 minutes, but it doesn't.</P>
<P>So a pump must exist. Unfortunately, the numbers don't add
up. Scientists are still trying to figure it out: All the cloud-to-ground
lightning strikes occurring over the whole planet--about 15 strikes
per second--don't move enough electric current to maintain the
charge difference seen. Something else must be happening.</P>
<P>"There are other sources besides lightning, and that's
part of what we're trying to get a handle on," says Richard
Blakeslee, a scientist at the Global Hydrology and Climate Center
at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.<BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer/primer3.html"><IMG
SRC="images/lightning/leakycondensor.jpg" ALIGN="LEFT" hspace="5"
style="border: 1px solid ; width: 290px; height: 206px;" ALT="see caption"
TITLE="" BORDER="1" WIDTH="270" HEIGHT="197" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"></A>He
explains: "The earth and its atmosphere are like a giant
electric circuit. In fair weather, the charge difference between
the ionosphere and the ground drives a steady trickle of current
from the atmosphere to the ground, despite the fact that air
is a poor conductor of electricity."<BR>
<BR>
"So something must drive a current back from the earth up
into the atmosphere to complete the loop and keep the circuit
flowing--namely thunderstorms. The two flows should be equal,
but so far we still haven't 'balanced the budget'."</P>
<P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Above:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> Earth's surface and the ionosphere form an
electrical circuit. Thunderstorms help keep the current flowing.
Image courtesy NASA.</FONT></P>
<P>To take a closer look at what's happening, Blakeslee and colleagues
have used a novel way of monitoring thunderstorms. They flew
a modified version of the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
used in the recent Iraq War, "conscripting" a version
of the aircraft into civilian duty to fly over thunderstorms
near Key West, Florida.</P>
<P>Their high-altitude version of the UAV, called the Altus II,
can measure the invisible electric and magnetic fields enveloping
the storm. As the UAV flies over the storm clouds, it passes
through these fields, sensing the strength and direction of the
fields at points along its flight path.</P>
<P>Combined with optical measurements of lightning flashes, the
result is a much more complete picture of the electrical infrastructure
of thunderstorms.<BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="http://aces.msfc.nasa.gov/gallery.html"><IMG SRC="images/lightning/EC02-0162-57_m_sm.j
>pg"
ALIGN="RIGHT" hspace="5" style="border: 1px solid ; width: 300px; height: 240px;"
ALT="see caption" TITLE="" WIDTH="235" HEIGHT="201" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
BORDER="1"></A><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Right:</FONT></B><FON
>T
SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> The Altus unmanned aerial vehicle.
Image courtesy NASA.</FONT></P>
<P>"One of the things we can measure with this experiment
is the current flowing above a thunderstorm," Blakeslee
says. "It may be that there's very little current flowing
out of the top of the storm, but if you take all the thunder
clouds over the whole earth that are producing that small amount
of current, it may very much account for this discrepancy in
the atmosphere's electricity budget."</P>
<P>Where does this current come from? Blakeslee suggests one
possibility.</P>
<P>"When the storm's electric fields get strong enough,
the earth's surface under the storm becomes charged. Grass, trees,
people and everything start giving up a charge that flows up
into the atmosphere. Sometimes that's manifested in something
that can be seen like St. Elmo's Fire. Generally you don't see
it, but it's occurring all the time under storms," he says.</P>
<P>The hunt to quantify this missing current continues. Blakeslee's
team is still processing the data they gathered, and they hope
to publish some of their results within the next few months.
One thing their research has already shown, though, is the usefulness
of these unmanned aircraft.</P>
<P>"These unmanned craft are an important new tool for studying
storms," he says. "They allow us to have much longer
and more continuous observations compared to manned airplanes,
so they give us a fuller picture of what's going on."<BR>
<BR>
<A HREF="http://aces.msfc.nasa.gov/flight_patterns.html"><IMG
SRC="images/lightning/example_flight_patterns.jpg" ALIGN="LEFT"
hspace="5" style="border: 1px solid ; width: 294px; height: 226px;"
ALT="see caption" TITLE="" WIDTH="294" HEIGHT="226" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
BORDER="0"></A>The UAV flies much slower than normal planes (150
mph vs. ~500 mph) and can turn around much quicker. So while
a manned plane would quickly zoom over a storm and then spend
a long time turning around for another pass, UAV's can simply
do slow "figure 8's" over the storm for hours, gathering
data continuously.<BR>
<BR>
<B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Left:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
FACE="Arial"> Some of the flight patterns used during the
storm observations. Image courtesy NASA.</FONT></P>
<P>Geosynchronous satellites can also provide a continuous view
of storms, but these little remote-controlled planes offer some
advantages.</P>
<P>"The UAV flies in the midst of the electrical and magnetic
fields. Because it's so close to the storm it can pick up very
small optical signals that distant satellites would miss,"
Blakeslee says.</P>
<P>"So there is a place in the future for UAV aircraft that
could continuously observe storms," he says, which will
help scientists get a clearer view of the hidden electrical life
of thunderstorms.</P>
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<B><FONT FACE="Arial">Credits & Contacts<BR>
</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Author: <A HREF="mailto:pb@patbarry.com">
>;Patrick
L. Barry</A> <BR>
Responsible NASA official: <A HREF="mailto:ron.koczor@msfc.nasa.gov">Ron
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<P><A HREF="http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/primer/index.html"
style="font-weight: bold;"><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">A
Lightning Primer</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">
-- A basic tutorial on lightning, from NASA's Marshall space
Flight Center</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd15jun99_1.htm"
style="font-weight: bold;"><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">Soaking
in atmospheric electricity</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">
>;
-- (Science@NASA) 'Fair weather' measurements important to understanding
thunderstorms</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd09jun99_1.htm"
style="font-weight: bold;"><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">Getting
a solid view of lightning</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">
>
-- (Science@NASA) New Mexico team develops system to depict lightning
in three dimensions.</FONT></P>
<P><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast05dec%5F1.htm"
style="font-weight: bold;"><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">Where
Lightning Strikes</FONT></B></A><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial, Helvetica">
-- (Science@NASA) New maps from orbiting sensors that can detect
flashes of lightning even during the daytime reveal where on
Earth the powerful bolts will most likely strike.</FONT></TD>
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