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  <TITLE>The 2003 Leonid Meteor Shower</TITLE>
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<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="600" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0"
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    <H1><CENTER>The 2003 Leonid Meteor Shower</CENTER></H1>

    <H4><CENTER>An unusual double Leonid meteor shower is going to
    peak next month over parts of Asia and North America.</CENTER></H4>
</TD>
    <TD WIDTH="96">
    <P><CENTER><A HREF="http://www.nasa.gov/"><IMG SRC="../images/msfcmeatballsm.gif"
    NAME="Graphic2" ALT="NASA" ALIGN="MIDDLE" WIDTH="61" HEIGHT="63"
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  <TR>
    <TD WIDTH="590">
    <P><IMG SRC="images/elnino2002/audio/Speaker.gif" NAME="Graphic3"
    ALT="Link to story audio" ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="22"
    BORDER="0" NATURALSIZEFLAG="0"><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Listen
    to this story via <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/images/doubleleonids/audio/story.m
>3u">streaming
    audio</A>, a <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/images/doubleleonids/audio/story.
>mp3">downloadable
    file</A>, or <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/info/audio.htm">get
    help</A>.</FONT></P>

    <P><A HREF="images/doubleleonids/japan1.jpg"><B><IMG SRC="images/doubleleonids/japa
>n1_med.jpg"
    WIDTH="250" HEIGHT="279" ALIGN="RIGHT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3"
    ALT="see caption"></B></A><B>October 10, 2003</B>: The Leonid
    meteor shower is coming. Twice.</P>

    <P>Bill Cooke of the Space Environments Group at the NASA Marshall
    Space Flight Center explains: "Normally there's just one
    Leonid meteor shower each year, but this year we're going to
    have two: one on Nov. 13th and another on Nov. 19th."</P>

    <P>Both are caused by comet Tempel-Tuttle, which swings through
    the inner solar system every 33 years. With each visit the comet
    leaves behind a trail of dusty debris--the stuff of meteor showers.
    Lots of the comet's old dusty trails litter the mid-November
    part of Earth's orbit.</P>

    <P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Right:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1"
     FACE="Arial"> Leonid meteors over Japan in 2001. Photo credit:
    Yukio Sanuki.</FONT></P>

    <P><TABLE WIDTH="130" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="3"
    ALIGN="RIGHT">
      <TR>
        <TD WIDTH="100%">
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          <TR>
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            <P><CENTER><A HREF="../../news/subscribe.htm"><IMG SRC="../images/brightfla
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            EXPRESS SCIENCE NEWS delivery</FONT></A></CENTER></TD>
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      </TR>
    </TABLE>"Our planet glides through the debris zone every
    year," says Cooke. "It's like a minefield. Sometimes
    we hit a dust trail, sometimes we don't." Direct hits can
    spark a meteor storm, which is defined as more than 1000 shooting
    stars per hour. "That's what happened in, for example, 1966
    and 2001," says Cooke. "Those were great years for
    Leonids."</P>

    <P>"This year we're going to brush past two of the trails--no
    direct hits," he says. Even so, "we might have a nice
    display."</P>

    <P>The first shower is expected on Nov. 13th around 17:17 UT.
    For about three hours centered on that time Earth will be close
    to some dust shed by Tempel-Tuttle in the year 1499. Sky watchers
    in Alaska, Hawaii and along the Pacific rim of Asia are favored.
    They'll see anywhere from a few to 40 meteors per hour--"if
    they can avoid the glare from that night's gibbous Moon,"
    cautions Cooke. A good strategy for moonlit meteor observing:
    travel to high altitudes where the air is clear or stand in the
    shade of a tall building or hillside.</P>

    <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="Arial">Leonid meteor rates for
    selected cities: Nov. 13-14, 2003</FONT><TABLE WIDTH="508" BORDER="1"
    CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="2">
       
      <TR>
        <TD WIDTH="100%">
        <TABLE WIDTH="491" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="3">
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="+1"> </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial">City</FONT><
>/B></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER> <B><FONT FACE="Arial">Local Time</FONT></B>
></CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Maximum number of
            Leonids in 15 min.</FONT></B></CENTER></TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Los Angeles, CA</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">5:15 a.m. (Nov. 13th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">< 3</FONT></CENTER><
>/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Seattle, WA</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">5:45 a.m. (Nov. 13th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER> <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> 3</FONT></CENTER>&l
>t;/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Fairbanks, AK</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">7:00 a.m. (Nov. 13th)</FONT></CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER> <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> 10</FONT></CENTER>&
>lt;/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Honolulu, HI</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">5:30 a.m. (Nov. 13th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER> <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">9</FONT></CENTER><
>;/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Tahiti</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">5:00 a.m. (Nov. 13th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER> <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">6</FONT></CENTER><
>;/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Tokyo, Japan</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">2:30 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER> <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">18</FONT></CENTER>&l
>t;/TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> ;Christchurch, New Zealand</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3:30 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Sydney, Australia</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3:30 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">9</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Hong Kong</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">2:00 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">8</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Beijing, China</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1:45 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">10</FONT></CENTER></TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Manila, the Philippines</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1:45 a.m. (Nov. 14th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">9</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
        </TABLE></TD>
      </TR>
    </TABLE></CENTER></P>

    <P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Table notes:</FONT></B><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Values listed in the 3rd column are
    the maximum number of meteors an observer with perfectly clear
    dark skies might see in a 15-minute interval around the shower's
    peak.</FONT></P>

    <P>Curiously, the Moon will be much closer to the 1499 trail
    than Earth will be. "If the Moon had an atmosphere to catch
    the comet dust, there would be about 1400 meteors per hour in
    lunar skies--a real storm," notes Cooke. Instead, the Leonids
    will simply hit the ground.</P>

    <P>Most Leonid meteoroids are microscopic, and when they hit
    the Moon they do little more than raise a puff of moon dust.
    But a few will be bigger: the size of golf balls or grapefruits.
    Traveling about 160,000 mph, these impactors can cause explosions
    visible from Earth. (For more information about this, read the
    Science@NASA story <A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast30nov_1.htm">Explosions
    on the Moon</A>.)</P>

    <P><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast30nov_1.htm"><IMG 
    SRC="images/doubleleonids/leonidflash2_med.gif" WIDTH="99" HEIGHT="97"
    ALIGN="RIGHT" BORDER="1" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3" ALT="see caption"></A><B><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Right:</FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">
    A Leonid explosion on the Moon. David Dunham of the International
    Occultation Timing Association recorded the video in 1999. The
    flash is about as bright as a 3rd magnitude star.</FONT></P>

    <P>"This year we won't be able to see any lunar impacts,"
    notes Cooke, "because most of the Leonids will strike the
    far side of the Moon. Some will hit the Earth-facing side, but
    the ground where they hit will be sunlit. That makes it very
    hard to see the explosions."</P>

    <P>The second and more impressive shower arrives almost a week
    later on Nov. 19th when Earth approaches a trail shed in 1533.
    "Sky watchers up and down the US east coast will have the
    best view," says Cooke. "For a while around 07:28 UT
    (2:28 a.m. EST), they could see more than one meteor per minute."
    The Moon, a thin crescent on Nov. 19th, won't be bright enough
    to interfere with the display. (Nor will it be clm. (Nov. 19th)</FONT></CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">14</FONT></CENTER></TD&
>gt;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Chicago, IL</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">13</FONT></CENTER></TD&
>gt;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Dallas, TX</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">1:45 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">9</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Denver, CO</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">0:45 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">7</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Los Angeles, CA</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">0:00 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> Caracas, Venezuela</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">17</FONT></CENTER></TD&
>gt;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> San Juan, Puerto Rico</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">18</FONT></CENTER></TD&
>gt;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Bermuda</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">3:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">19</FONT></CENTER></TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">London, England</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">5:45 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">7</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Paris, France</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">6:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">6</FONT></CENTER></TD&g
>t;
          </TR>
        </TABLE></TD>
      </TR>
    </TABLE></CENTER></P>

    <P>Cooke assembled these forecasts using data from several researchers
    who have done a good job predicting Leonid storms in recent years:
    Peter Jenniskens at NASA's Ames Research Center, Jeremie Vaubaillon
    of the Institut de Mecanique Celeste et de Calcul des Ephemerides
    in France, and Esko Lyytinen. They mostly agree that Earth will
    encounter dust streams on Nov. 13th and 19th, but there is less
    consensus about how intense the resulting showers will be. Lyytinen,
    for instance, predicts a maximum of jusose to the cometary
    dust stream, so once again there will be no visible lunar explosions.)</P>

    <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="+1" FACE="Arial">Leonid meteor rates for
    selected cities: Nov. 19, 2003</FONT><TABLE WIDTH="508" BORDER="1"
    CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="2">
       
      <TR>
        <TD WIDTH="100%">
        <TABLE WIDTH="491" BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="3">
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
            <FONT SIZE="+1"> </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Arial">City</FONT><
>/B></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER> <B><FONT FACE="Arial">Local Time</FONT></B>
></CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%">
            <P><CENTER><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Maximum number of
            Leonids in 15 min.</FONT></B></CENTER></TD>
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> New York, NY</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">2:30 a.m. (Nov. 19th)</FONT><
>/CENTER></TD>
            <TD WIDTH="31%" BGCOLOR="#cfefff">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">17</FONT></CENTER></TD&
>gt;
          </TR>
          <TR>
            <TD WIDTH="36%">
             <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Miami, FL</FONT></TD> 
            <TD WIDTH="33%">
            <P><CENTER><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">2:30 a.t 30 meteors per hour
    on Nov. 19th. Vaubaillon says 100.</P>

    <P>Who's right? See for yourself. Be outside when the time comes,
    looking up.</P>

    <P><CENTER><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/programs/mail/sendfriend.asp"><B><
>;FONT
     FACE="Arial, Helvetica, san-serif">SEND THIS STORY TO A FRIEND</FONT></B></A></
>CENTER></TD>
  </TR>
</TABLE></CENTER></P>

<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="575" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0">
  <COL WIDTH=283> <COL WIDTH=272> 
  <TR>
    <TD WIDTH="283" BGCOLOR="#ffeedd">
    <B><FONT FACE="Arial">Credits & Contacts<BR>
    </FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Author: <A HREF="mailto:phillips@spacescien
>ces.com">Dr.
    Tony Phillips</A> <BR>
    Responsible NASA official: <A HREF="mailto:ron.koczor@msfc.nasa.gov">Ron
    Koczor</A></FONT></TD> 
    <TD WIDTH="272" BGCOLOR="#ffeedd">
    <FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Production Editor: <A HREF="mailto:phillips@spacesciences.com">
>Dr.
    Tony Phillips</A> <BR>
    Curator: <A HREF="mailto:sng.curator@msfc.nasa.gov">Bryan Walls</A>
<BR>
    Media Relations: <A HREF="mailto:steve.roy@msfc.nasa.gov">Steve
    Roy</A></FONT></TD> 
  </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" WIDTH="565" BGCOLOR="#ffeedd">
    <I><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">The Science Directorate at NASA's
    Marshall Space Flight Center sponsors the Science@NASA web sites.
    The mission of Science@NASA is to help the public understand
    how exciting NASA research is and to help NASA scientists fulfill
    their outreach responsibilities.</FONT></I></TD>
     
  </TR>
</TABLE></CENTER></P>

<P><CENTER><TABLE WIDTH="600" BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0">
  <COL WIDTH=588> 
  <TR>
    <TD WIDTH="588" BGCOLOR="#d3d3d3">
    <P><CENTER><B>more information</B></CENTER></TD>
  </TR>
  <TR>
    <TD WIDTH="588" VALIGN="TOP" BGCOLOR="#fffff0">
    <P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001
>/ast30nov_1.htm">Explosions
    on the Moon</A></FONT></B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (Science@NASA)
    During the 2001 Leonid meteor storm, astronomers observed a curious
    flash on the Moon -- a telltale sign of meteoroids hitting the
    lunar surface and exploding.</FONT></P>

    <P><A HREF="http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast08nov_1.htm"><B><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Jaw Dropping Leonids</FONT></B></A><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (Science@NASA) recollections from
    a Leonid meteor shower</FONT></P>

    <P><A HREF="http://www.spaceweather.com/meteors/gallery_18nov01.html"><B><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Leonids Photo Gallery</FONT></B></A><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> -- (SpaceWeather.com) Sky watchers who
    saw it will never forget it: the 2001 Leonid meteor storm</FONT></P>

    <P><B><FONT SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial">Leonid Forecasts:</FONT></B><FONT
     SIZE="-1" FACE="Arial"> <A HREF="http://www.imcce.fr/s2p/leonides/predictions/Leonid_forecast_2003.html">from
    Jeremie Vaubaillon</A> of the Institut de Mecanique Celeste et
    de Calcul des Ephemerides; <A HREF="http://leonid.arc.nasa.gov/1998.html">from
    Peter Jenniskens</A> at NASA's Ames Research Center. Check these
    sites for occasional updates.</FONT></TD> 
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